A simple method for radiation exposure reduction during atrial fibrillation ablation: the lead-apron-free approach.

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is a well-established treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). Fluoroscopy, a widely used imaging method for RFCA, has significant implications for human health. Although no fluoroscopy or near-zero fluoroscopy strategies have gained popularity, they have limitations, such as long procedure times, additional equipment, and expertise. A simple and cost-effective radiation reduction method is needed for treating AF and is compatible with the daily workflow. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of fluoroscopy-free and lead apron-free (LAF) after transseptal puncture AF ablation with conventional ablation (CON). METHODS: This retrospective study included all patients who underwent RF catheter AF ablation. The lead apron used for protection was removed immediately before 3D reconstruction of the left atrium (LA) after transseptal puncture (TSP), while fluoroscopy was performed on stand-by and locked-in. The pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) was performed using a 3D mapping system, a multielectrode catheter, and a Smart Touch contact force (CF) sensing catheter, via the lead-apron-free (LAF) method, which is similar to the conventional ablation (CON) method. RESULTS: This study enrolled 152 consecutive patients, with 72 and 80 patients in the LAF and CON groups, respectively. The LAF group demonstrated significantly lower values in total fluoroscopy time (6.9 vs. 14 min, P<0.001) and dose area product (DAP) values (15.4±12.1 vs. 31.5±17.4 G/m2, P<0.001) than the CON group. However, there was no significant difference in the total procedure time (83.6±21.1 vs. 77.2±11.4 min, P=0.12) between the two groups. Only four procedures (5.5%) required repositioning of the apron, and no complications were observed with the LAF method. Pulmonary vein isolation was achieved in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The LAF method reduced fluoroscopy use compared with CON, with no change in procedure time or efficacy.

One-Day Interruption of NOAC Is Associated with Low Risk of Periprocedural Adverse Events during Pulmonary Vein Isolation If Combined with Left Atrial Thrombus Exclusion with Computed Tomography.

BACKGROUND: Safety, efficacy, and patient comfort are the expectations during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). We aimed to validate the combined advantages of pre- and periprocedural anticoagulation with non-vitamin K anticoagulants (NOACs) and rigorous left atrial appendage thrombus (LAAT) exclusion with computed tomography (CT). METHODS: This study included a population of consecutive patients, between March 2018 and June 2020, who underwent cardiac CT within 24 h before PVI to guide the ablation and rule out LAAT. NOAC was omitted 24 h before the ablation. RESULTS: A total of 187 patients (63% male) underwent CT before PVI. None of the patients experienced stroke during or after the procedure. The complication rate was low, with no thromboembolic events and 2.1% of patients experiencing a major bleeding event. CONCLUSIONS: Omitting NOAC 24 h before the ablation might be safe if combined with left atrial thrombus exclusion with computed tomography.

Concomitant Transatrial and Transapical CRT-D Lead Implantation in a Patient with Chest Burn Injury.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy device with defibrillator (CRT-D) implantation is indicated for patients with a history of malignant ventricular arrhythmias, symptomatic heart failure, wide QRS, or high-degree atrioventricular block. A 67-year-old patient with dilated cardiomyopathy received a CRT-D with the conventional method but 1 month later skin necrosis was diagnosed above the device. The complete system was extracted from the patient and we utilized negative pressure wound therapy for the treatment of the remaining tissue. We decided to perform surgical reimplantation of the device using minithoracotomy: right atrial and right ventricular leads were introduced through the right atrial appendage and the left ventricular lead was inserted transapically. The device was implanted under the less scabby abdominal skin. We successfully applied the combination of transatrial and transapical lead placement, which has not been reported in the literature yet. It serves as an alternative method if the standard approach is not feasible.

Selection of an impedance- or magnetic field-based electro-anatomical mapping platform does not affect outcomes of outflow tract premature ventricular complex manual ablation.

Comparative data are virtually missing about the performance of different electro-anatomical mapping (EAM) system platforms on outflow tract (OT) premature ventricular complex (PVC) ablation outcomes with manual ablation catheters. We aimed to compare the acute success-, complication-, and long-term recurrence rates of impedance-based (IMP) and magnetic field-based (MAG) EAM platforms in manual OT PVC ablation. Single-centre, propensity score matched data of 39-39 patients ablated for OT PVCs in 2015-17 with IMP or MAG platforms were analysed. Acute success rate, peri-procedural complications, post-ablation daily PVC burden, and long-term recurrence rates were compared on intention-to-treat basis. Acute success rate was similar in the IMP and MAG group (77 vs. 82%, p = 0.78). There was a single case of femoral pseudo-aneurysm and no cardiac tamponade occurred. PVC burden fell significantly from baseline 24.0% [15.0-30.0%] to 3.3% [0.25-10.5%] (p < 0.001) post-ablation, with no difference between EAM platforms (IMP: 2.6% [0.5-12.0%] vs. MAG: 4.0% [2.0-6.5%]; p = 0.60). There was no significant difference in recurrence-free survival of the intention-to-treat cohort of the IMP and MAG groups (54 vs. 60%, p = 0.82, respectively) during 12 months of follow-up. Ablation with the aid of both impedance- and magnetic field-based EAM platforms can considerably reduce OT PVC burden and give similar acute- and long-term freedom from arrhythmia.

Left atrial appendage size is a marker of atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation.

INTRODUCTION: There are no consistently confirmed predictors of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after catheter ablation. Therefore, we aimed to study whether left atrial appendage volume (LAAV) and function influence the long-term recurrence of AF after catheter ablation, depending on AF type. METHODS: AF patients who underwent point-by-point radiofrequency catheter ablation after cardiac computed tomography (CT) were included in this analysis. LAAV and LAA orifice area were measured by CT. Uni- and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to determine the predictors of AF recurrence. RESULTS: In total, 561 AF patients (61.9 ± 10.2 years, 34.9% females) were included in the study. Recurrence of AF was detected in 40.8% of the cases (34.6% in patients with paroxysmal and 53.5% in those with persistent AF) with a median recurrence-free time of 22.7 (9.3-43.1) months. Patients with persistent AF had significantly higher body surface area-indexed LAV, LAAV, and LAA orifice area and lower LAA flow velocity, than those with paroxysmal AF. After adjustment left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50% (HR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.38-3.43; p < .001) and LAAV (HR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.01-1.12; p = .029) were independently associated with AF recurrence in persistent AF, while no independent predictors could be identified in paroxysmal AF. CONCLUSION: The current study demonstrates that beyond left ventricular systolic dysfunction, LAA enlargement is associated with higher rate of AF recurrence after catheter ablation in persistent AF, but not in patients with paroxysmal AF.

Orientation of the right superior pulmonary vein affects outcome after pulmonary vein isolation.

AIMS: Controversial results have been published regarding the influence of pulmonary vein (PV) anatomical variations on outcomes after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). However, no data are available on the impact of PV orientation on the long-term success rates of point-by-point PVI. We sought to determine the impact of PV anatomy and orientation on atrial fibrillation (AF)-free survival in patients undergoing PVI using the radiofrequency point-by-point technique. METHODS AND RESULTS: We retrospectively included 448 patients who underwent initial point-by-point radiofrequency ablation for AF at our department. Left atrial computed tomography angiography was performed before each procedure. PV anatomical variations, ostial parameters (area, effective diameter, and eccentricity), orientation, and their associations with 24-month AF-free survival were analysed. PV anatomical variations and ostial parameters were not predictive for AF-free survival (all P > 0.05). Univariate analysis showed that female sex (P = 0.025) was associated with higher rates of AF recurrence, ventral-caudal (P = 0.002), dorsal-cranial (P = 0.034), and dorsal-caudal (P = 0.042) orientation of the right superior PV (RSPV), on the other hand, showed an association with lower rates of AF recurrence, when compared with the reference ventral-cranial orientation. On multivariate analysis, both female sex [odds ratio (OR) 1.83, 95% CI 1.15-2.93, P = 0.011] and ventral-caudal RSPV orientation, compared with ventral-cranial orientation, proved to be independent predictors of 24-month AF recurrence (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.19-0.71, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Female sex and ventral-caudal RSPV orientation have an impact on long-term arrhythmia-free survival. Assessment of PV orientation may be a useful tool in predicting AF-free survival and may contribute to a more personalized management of AF.

Modern therapeutic approaches of cardiac arrhythmias in pregnancy / Terhességi ritmuszavarok modern terápiás megközelítései.

Összefoglaló. A ritmuszavarok elofordulása gyakoribb a terhes nok esetén, mint a nem várandósok körében. A legtöbb esetben terápiás beavatkozás nélkül is kihordható a magzat. Hemodinamikai instabilitás és magzatkárosodáshoz vezeto fetalis hypoperfusio jöhet létre, amennyiben tartós, magas kamrai frekvenciával járó epizódok jelentkeznek. Ezekben az esetekben a ritmuszavar megszüntetése indokolttá válhat. Az antiarrhythmiás gyógyszerek korlátozottan és nagy körültekintéssel alkalmazhatók a gyermeket várók körében, így a katéterablatio jelenthet biztonságos és használható alternatívát. Ezen beavatkozásokat hagyományosan röntgensugár segítségével végzik, ez azonban az ionizáló sugárzásnak a magzati fejlodésre gyakorolt hatása miatt magas rizikót jelentene. Több éve elérheto a szív-elektrofiziológiában az ún. zéró fluoroszkópiás ablatio, mely a pitvarfibrilláció kezelésében és más ritmuszavarok esetében egyaránt alkalmazható. A terheseknél alkalmazott eljárást két eseten keresztül mutatjuk be. A röntgensugár használatát, a jelen cikkben bemutatott beavatkozások esetén is, sikerült teljesen kiküszöbölnünk. Az elso, 23 hetes gravid páciensnél recidív paroxysmalis supraventricularis tachycardia miatt végeztünk elektrofiziológiai vizsgálatot. E vizsgálat során atrioventricularis nodalis reentry tachycardiát igazoltunk és abláltunk sikerrel. Második esetbemutatásunkban egy anteroseptalis járulékos köteg katéterablatiós megoldását mutatjuk be. A terhesség során jelentkezo, az anyára és/vagy magzatára veszélyt jelento ritmuszavar esetén a háromdimenziós térképezo rendszer (szükség esetén intracardialis ultrahangvizsgálattal kiegészítve) biztonságos és hatásos alternatívát jelent, olyan esetekben, ha röntgensugár nem használható. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(41): 1643-1651. Summary. Arrhythmias are more common in pregnant women than in others. In most cases, the fetus can be delivered without therapeutic intervention. Hemodynamic instability and fetal hypoperfusion leading to fetal harm may occur if persistent episodes of high ventricular rate occur. In these cases, resolution of the arrhythmia may be advised. Antiarrhythmic drugs can be used with limitations and great caution in those expecting a child, so catheter ablation may be a safe and usable alternative. These interventions are traditionally performed using X-ray, however, due to the effect of ionizing radiation on fetal development, this would pose a high risk. Zero-fluoroscopic ablation has been available for several years in cardiac electrophysiology, which can be used both in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and in other arrhythmias. The procedure which we used in pregnant women is presented in two cases. We also managed to completely eliminate the use of X-ray during the interventions presented in this article. In the first case, a 23-week-old gravid patient underwent electrophysiological examination for recurrent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In the electrophysiological study, atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia was confirmed and successfully ablated. In our second case study, we present a catheter ablation for anteroseptal accessory pathway. Three-dimensional mapping system (supplemented with intracardiac ultrasound, if necessary), in the case of significant arrhythmia, is a safe and effective alternative where X-rays, which poses a risk to the mother and/or the fetus, cannot be used during pregnancy. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(41): 1643-1651.

Implementation of a zero fluoroscopic workflow using a simplified intracardiac echocardiography guided method for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation, including repeat procedures.

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is the cornerstone of the interventional treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Traditionally, during these procedures the catheters are guided by fluoroscopy, which poses a risk to the patient and staff by ionizing radiation. Our aim was to describe our experience in the implementation of an intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) guided zero fluoroscopic (ZF) ablation approach to our routine clinical practice. METHODS: We developed a simplified ICE guided technique to perform ablation procedures for AF, with the aid of a 3D electroanatomical mapping system. The workflow was implemented in two phases: (1) the Introductory phase, where the first 16 ZF PVIs were compared with 16 cases performed with fluoroscopy and (2) the Extension phase, where 71 consecutive patients (including repeat procedures) with ZF approach were included. Standard PVI (and redoPVI) procedures were performed, data on feasibility of the ZF approach, complications, acute and 1-year success rates were collected. RESULTS: In the Introductory phase, 94% of the procedures could be performed with complete ZF with a median procedure time of 77.5 (73.5-83) minutes. In one case fluoroscopy was used to guide the ICE catheter to the atrium. There was no difference in the complication, acute and 1-year success rates, compared with fluoroscopy guided procedures. In the Extension phase, 97% of the procedures could be completed with complete ZF. In one case fluoroscopy was used to guide the transseptal puncture and in another to position the ICE catheter. Acute success of PVI was achieved in all cases, 64.4% patients were arrhythmia free at 1-year. Acute major complications were observed in 4 cases, all of these occurred in the redo PVI group and consisted of 2 tamponades, 1 transient ischemic attack and 1 pseudoaneurysm at the puncture site. The procedures were carried out by all members of the electrophysiology unit in the Extension phase, including less experienced operators and electrophysiology fellows (3 physicians) under the supervision of the senior electrophysiologist. Consequently, procedure times became longer [90 (75-105) vs 77.5 (73.5-85) min, p = 0.014]. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, a ZF workflow of AF ablations can be successfully implemented into the routine practice of an electrophysiology laboratory, without compromising safety and effectivity.

Similar outcomes with manual contact force ablation catheters and traditional catheters in the treatment of outflow tract premature ventricular complexes.

AIMS: Unlike in atrial fibrillation ablation, there is a lack of appropriately sized and properly designed studies regarding outflow tract (OT) premature ventricular complex (PVC) ablation outcomes with contact force sensing (CFS) catheters. We aimed to compare the acute success-, complication-, and long-term recurrence rates of manual CFS catheters with traditional irrigated catheters (T) in OT PVC ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Single-centre, propensity-matched data of 75-75 patients ablated for right-sided OT (RVOT) or left-sided OT (LVOT) PVCs in 2015-17 with CFS or T catheters were compared. Acute success rate, peri-procedural complications, post-procedural daily PVC burden, and long-term recurrence rates were compared on intention-to-treat basis. Acute success rate equalled 80% in both groups, with no difference in force values in the CFS group comparing successful or failed cases [12.0 (8.75-17.0) vs. 16.0 (10.25-22.25) g, P = 0.21]. There were three cases of pseudo-aneurysm and one cardiac tamponade. PVC burden fell significantly from baseline 22 (15-30)% to 2 (0-10)% (P < 0.0001), with no difference between catheter types [CFS: 1 (0-7)% vs. T: 4 (1-12) %; P = 0.21]. There was no significant difference in recurrence-free survival of CFS and T catheters (58 vs. 59%, P = 0.29) during 12 months of follow-up, respectively. Recurrence in the CFS group did not differ either by the force exerted below or above the median value of 12 g (P = 0.66). CONCLUSION: Both types of catheters can effectively reduce OT PVC burden with minimal serious complication rates. Ablation with CFS or T catheters gives similar acute- and long-term results.

The issue of permanent pacemaker implantation following cardiac surgery / A szívmutétet követo végleges pacemaker-implantáció kérdésköre

The issue of postoperative arrhythmias requiring pacemaker therapy is widely studied in the field of cardiac surgery and it is a complex perioperative problem. The aim of this paper is to summarize the relevant international guidelines and recommendations and to present our hospital's experience. We present the current, decisive recommendations and important studies, and present patients who underwent pacemaker implantation within one month after cardiac surgery between 01. 01. 2014 and 31. 12. 2018 in our hospital and compare them with the international findings. According to the international literature, the rate of permanent pacemaker implantation after cardiac surgery ranges from about 1.5% to 5%, and this rate seems to increase later. We have detailed information and many identified predictors about the development of conduction disturbances, but the current guidelines provide only weak recommendations. In the early perioperative period (1 month), pacemaker implantation was required in 15 cases (0.55%); in the course of long-term follow-up, 6 patients were still pacemaker-dependent. Perioperative arrhythmias are frequent and serious complications after cardiac surgery, prolong patient recovery time and put financial burden on the hospitals. The rate of need for a permanent pacemaker is low in our hospital, and in the late follow-up we can find only a small part of patients with pacemaker dependency. It would be necessary to start a prospective study and to develop a standardized protocol based on the information currently available. This would be a useful and authoritative help for the postoperative care in cardiac surgery. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(31): 1271-1280.

Long-term single-centre large volume experience with transseptal endocardial left ventricular lead implantation.

AIMS: The aim of our study was to investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of transseptal endocardial left ventricular lead implantation (TELVLI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Transseptal endocardial left ventricular lead implantation was performed in 54 patients (44 men, median age 69, New York Heart Association III-IV stage) between 2007 and 2017 in a single centre. In 36 cases, the transseptal puncture (TP) was performed via the femoral vein, and in 18 cases, the TP and also the left ventricular (LV) lead placement were performed via the subclavian vein. An electrophysiological deflectable catheter was used to reach the LV wall through the dilated TP hole. The LV lead implantation was successful in all patients. A total of 54 patients were followed up for a median of 29 months [interquartile range (IQR) 8-40 months], the maximum follow-up time was 94 months. Significant improvement in the LV ejection fraction was observed at the 3-month visit, from the median of 27% (IQR 25-34%) to 33% (IQR 32-44%), P < 0.05. Early lead dislocation was observed in three cases (5%), reposition was performed using the original puncture site in all. The patients were maintained on anticoagulation therapy with a target international normalized ratio between 2.5 and 3.5. Four thromboembolic events were noticed during follow-up. A total of 27 patients died, with a median survival of 15 months (IQR 6-40). CONCLUSION: The TELVLI is an effective approach for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) however it is associated with a substantial thromboembolic risk (7%).

[Assessment of the extent of myocardial necrosis following radiofrequency catheter ablation of different supraventricular arrhythmias]. / A myocardialis necrosis mértékének vizsgálata eltéro supraventricularis szívritmuszavarok rádiófrekvenciás katéterablatiós kezelését követoen.

INTRODUCTION: Levels of cardiac necroenzymes, high-sensitive troponin (hsTnT) and creatine kinase muscle-brain (CKMB) increase as a result of a myocardial damage following catheter ablation. AIM: To analyze the mid-term alteration of hsTnT and CKMB levels following radiofrequency ablation (RFCA) for atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter (AFlu), AV-nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) and electrophysiological studies (EPS) without ablation. METHOD: Patients undergoing RFCA for various indications and EPS were consecutively enrolled in our prospective study. Concentrations of hsTnT and CKMB were measured from serial blood samples directly before and after the procedure, 4 and 20 hours later and at 3 months follow-up. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients (10 EPS, 12 AVNRT, 13 AFlu, 12 AF) with mean age of 55 ± 13 were included. hsTnT levels increased significantly in all groups after the procedures, while CKMB changed only in the AF group. hsTnT exceeded the reference value in all patients with ablation and in 80% of patients with EPS 4 hours post-ablation. Peak average hsTnT levels for EPS, AVNRT, AFlu were 24 ± 11, 260 ± 218 and 541 ± 233 ng/L, respectively. The highest hsTnT level was measured in the AF group (799 ± 433 ng/L). We found a positive correlation between hsTnT levels and ablation time after RFCA. CONCLUSIONS: The hsTnT levels significantly change after EPS and RFCA, in all patients who underwent ablation, and in 80% of those with EPS had hsTnT positivity in the early post-procedural phase. hsTnT levels depended significantly on the type of the subgroups and correlated with the ablation time. Awareness of those observations is essential to correctly interpret elevated hsTnT levels following RFCA. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(14): 540-548.

Repeat procedure is a new independent predictor of complications of atrial fibrillation ablation.

AIMS: Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation has made huge progress with respect to innovation, efficacy, and safety, however, complications are still present. Recent studies examined various predictors of complications. However, limited data exist regarding the role of a repeat procedure. Our aim was the prospective evaluation of the incidence and predictors of complications related to AF ablation procedures in consecutive patients, including repeat procedures. METHODS AND RESULTS: All ablation procedures for AF between January 2013 and December 2015 were analysed in our electrophysiology laboratory. During the study period 1243 procedures were analysed [394 female, median age 62 (55-69)]. Overall complication rate was 6.84%, major complication rate was 2.82%. Major complications were the following: 18 pericardial tamponades; 5 pseudoaneurysms; 1 arteriovenous fistula; 6 thromboembolic cerebrovascular events; 3 pulmonary vein stenosis; and 2 atrioventricular blocks. No atrio-oesophageal fistula or procedure related death occurred. Univariate analysis for overall complications showed that age ≥ 65 years (P = 0.0231), female gender (P = 0.0438), hypertension (P = 0.0488), CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 2 (P = 0.0156), and previous AF ablation procedure (P < 0.0001) is associated with higher risk for adverse events. Multivariate analysis showed that the only independent predictor of overall complications was previous AF ablation procedure (P < 0.0001). Similarly, the only predictor of major complications was previous AF ablation procedure (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Incidence of complications associated with AF ablation in our high volume electrophysiology laboratory is similar to other cohorts. The only independent predictor of complications was previous AF ablation procedure in our series.

Quality of life measured with EuroQol-five dimensions questionnaire predicts long-term mortality, response, and reverse remodelling in cardiac resynchronization therapy patients.

Aims: There are previous studies on quality of life (QoL) in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) patients; however, there are no data with the short EuroQol-five dimensions (EQ-5D) questionnaire predicting outcomes. We aimed to assess the predictive role of baseline QoL and QoL change at 6 months after CRT with EQ-5D on 5-year mortality and response. Methods and results: In our prospective follow-up study, 130 heart failure (HF) patients undergoing CRT were enrolled. Clinical evaluation, echocardiography, and EQ-5D were performed at baseline and at 6 months of follow-up, continued to 5 years. Primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at 5 years. Secondary endpoints were (i) clinical response with at least one class improvement in New York Heart Association without HF hospitalization and (ii) reverse remodelling with 15% reduction in left ventricular end-systolic volume at 6 months. Fifty-four (41.5%) patients died during 5 years, 85 (65.3%) clinical responders were identified, and 63 patients (48.5%) had reverse remodelling. Baseline issues with mobility were associated with lower response [odds ratio (OR) 0.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16-0.84; P = 0.018]. Lack of reverse remodelling correlated with self-care issues at baseline (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.01-0.94; P = 0.04). Furthermore, self-care difficulties [hazard ratio (HR) 2.39, 95% CI 1.17-4.86; P = 0.01) or more anxiety (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.00-2.26; P = 0.04) predicted worse long-term survival. At 6 months, mobility (HR 3.95, 95% CI 1.89-8.20; P < 0.001), self-care (HR 7.69, 95% CI 2.23-25.9; P = 0.001), or ≥ 10% visual analogue scale (VAS) (HR 2.24, 95% CI 1.27-3.94; P = 0.005) improvement anticipated better survival at 5 years. Conclusion: EuroQol-five dimension is a simple method assessing QoL in CRT population. Mobility issues at baseline are associated with lower clinical response, whereas self-care issues predict lack of reverse remodelling. Problems with mobility or anxiety before CRT and persistent issues with mobility, self-care, and VAS scale at 6 months predict adverse outcome.

The impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy on routine laboratory parameters.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in chronic heart failure has been shown to improve mortality and morbidity. However, comprehensive data are not available as concerns how circulating biomarkers reflecting different organ functions, such as serum uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, cholesterol, or various liver enzymes, change over time as a consequence of CRT. The aim of this prospective study was to overview these possible changes. METHODS: A total of 20 routine laboratory parameters were measured in 122 control subjects and in 129 patients with chronic heart failure before CRT, 6 months, and 2 years later. RESULTS: The levels of serum uric acid [before: 432 (331-516) mmol/L, 6-month: 372 (304-452) mmol/L, 2-year: 340 (290-433) mmol/L; p < 0.001] and BUN [8.3 (6.4-11.5) mmol/L, 8.0 (6.3-11.1) mmol/L, 6.8 (5.0-9.7) mmol/L; p < 0.001) reduced statistically significant. Total bilirubin underwent reduction [16 (11-23) µmol/L, 11 (7-14) µmol/L, 8 (7-13) µmol/L; p < 0.001], while albumin increased [45 (43-48) g/L, 46 (44-48) g/L, 46 (43-48) g/L; p = 0.04]. Cholesterol concentrations elevated [4.3 (3.6-5.0) mmol/L, 4.5 (3.8-5.1) mmol/L, 4.6 (3.8-5.4) mmol/L; p < 0.001] and glucose decreased [6.2 (5.6-7.2) mmol/L, 5.9 (5.1-6.7) mmol/L, 5.7 (5.1-6.8) mmol/L; p < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: CRT influences the levels of routinely used biomarkers suggesting improvements in renal function, liver capacity, and metabolic changes. These changes could mirror the multiorgan improvement after CRT.

Minimal invasive right ventricular and atrial pacemaker lead repositioning as a first alternative is superior in avoiding pocket complications with passive fixation leads.

PURPOSE: Lead dislocations of pacemaker systems are reported in all and even in high-volume centers. Repeated procedures necessitated by lead dislocations are associated with an increased risk of complications. We investigated a minimal invasive method for right atrial and ventricular lead repositioning. METHODS: The minimal invasive method was applied only when passive fixation leads were implanted. During the minimal invasive procedure, a steerable catheter was advanced through the femoral vein to move the distal end of the lead to the appropriate position. Retrospective data collection was conducted in all patients with minimal invasive and with conventional method, at a single center between September 2006 and December 2012. RESULTS: Forty-five minimal invasive lead repositionings were performed, of which eight were acutely unsuccessful and nine electrodes re-dislocated after the procedure. One hundred two leads were repositioned with opening of the pocket during the same time, including the ones with unsuccessful minimal invasive repositionings. One procedure was acutely unsuccessful in this group and four re-dislocations happened. A significant difference of success rates was noted (66.6% vs. 95.1%, p = 0.001). One complication was observed during the minimal invasive lead repositionings (left ventricular lead microdislodgement). Open-pocket procedures showed different types of complications (pneumothorax, subclavian artery puncture, pericardial effusion, hematoma, fever, device-associated infection which necessitated explantation, atrial lead dislodgement while repositioning the ventricular one, deterioration of renal function). CONCLUSIONS: The minimal invasive method as a first alternative is safe and feasible. In those cases when it cannot be carried out successfully, the conventional method is applicable.

Minimal Invasive Left Ventricular Lead Repositioning is Safe and Effective in Distal Left Ventricular Lead Positions.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of left ventricular electrode dislocation and phrenic nerve stimulation remains an issue in the era of new electrode designs. METHODS: Safety and efficacy of minimal invasive lead repositioning and pocket opening reposition procedures were evaluated between December 2005 and December 2012 at our center. Minimal invasive method was developed and widely utilized at our center to treat phrenic nerve stimulation. The distally positioned left ventricular lead is looped around by a deflectable catheter in the right atrium introduced from the femoral vein access and then pulled back. Coronary stent implantation was used afterwards for lead stabilization in some patients. RESULTS: 42 minimal invasive and 48 electrode repositions with pacemaker pocket opening were performed at 77 patients for left ventricular lead problems. Minimal invasive reposition could be carried out successfully in 69% of (29 patients) cases. Note that in 14.3% of the cases (six patients) minimal invasive procedures were acutely unsuccessful and crossover was necessary. In 16.6% of the cases (seven patients) lead issues were noted later during follow-up. Opening of the pocket could be carried out successfully in 81.2% (39 patients) and was unsuccessful acutely in 6.25% (three patients). Repeated dislocation was noticed, 12.5%, in this group (six patients). Complication during minimal invasive procedures was electrode injury in one case. Pocket openings were associated with several complications: atrial fibrillation, pericardial effusion, fever, hematoma, and right ventricular electrode dislodgement. CONCLUSION: Minimal invasive procedure-as the first line approach-is safe and feasible for left ventricular electrode repositioning in selected cases.

Complement C3a predicts outcome in cardiac resynchronization therapy of heart failure.

BACKGROUND: The chronic inflammation plays an important role in heart failure and complement components might be useful markers of the prognosis. We set out to evaluate their predictive value in the clinical outcomes of patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). METHODS: We determined the complement levels C3, C3a, sC5b-9 and also the N-terminus of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) of 126 heart failure patients in a prospective, single-center observational study before and 6 months after CRT implantation. RESULTS: CRT reduced the C3a [212.5 (148.2-283.6) vs. 153 (119.8-218.3) ng/mL, p < 0.0001] and the sC5b-9 levels [296.9 (234.2-358.8) vs. 255.1 (210.1-319.0) ng/mL, p = 0.0006], but not the total C3 levels [1.43 (1.26-1.61) vs. 1.38 (1.23-1.57) g/L, p = 0.57]. C3a predicted the 5-year mortality of the patients [C3a > 165 ng/mL hazard ratio = 4.21 (1.65-10.72), p = 0.003] independent of the NT-proBNP and other factors. After reclassification, we observed a significant net reclassification improvement [NRI = 0.71 (0.43-0.98), p < 0.0001] and integrated discrimination improvement [IDI = 0.08 (0.03-0.12), p = 0.0002]. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CRT, elevated C3a levels increase the risk of mortality independent of the NT-proBNP levels or other factors. CRT exerts anti-inflammatory effect by reducing the complement activation.

[Successful direct thrombin inhibitor treatment of a left atrial appendage thrombus developed under rivaroxaban therapy]. / Rivaroxabankezelés mellett kialakult bal pitvari fülcsethrombus sikeres kezelése direkt trombininhibitorral.

The authors present the history of a 62-year-old man on continuous rivaroxaban therapy who was scheduled for pulmonary vein isolation due to persistent atrial fibrillation. Preoperative transesophageal echocardiography detected the presence of left atrial appendage thrombus. Thrombophilia tests showed that the patient was heterozygous carrier of the methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation. The authors hypothesized that a direct thrombin inhibitor might exert a more appropriate effect against thrombosis in this case and, therefore, a switch to dabigatran was performed. After two months of anticoagulation with the direct thrombin inhibitor and folic acid supplementation the thrombus resolved. The authors underline that thrombus formation may develop in atrial fibrillation even if the patient is adequately treated with rivaroxaban. This case suggests, that methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation may modulate the efficacy of direct Xa factor inhibitors. According to this case history, dabigatran may be an effective therapeutic option in resolving established thrombus.

Respiratory gating algorithm helps to reconstruct more accurate electroanatomical maps during atrial fibrillation ablation performed under spontaneous respiration.

PURPOSE: Electroanatomical mapping is a useful tool during the ablation of atrial fibrillation. Respiratory movement might influence the mapping accuracy and merging. This study aims to investigate the effect of respiratory gating on the accuracy of magnetic-field-based electroanatomical mapping under spontaneous respiration. METHODS: Fifty-one consecutive patients (35 male, aged 30-78 years) who underwent left atrial radiofrequency catheter ablation due to atrial fibrillation were included. Electroanatomical mapping was performed with CARTO 3 System under conscious sedation. Respiratory gating was achieved with the AccuResp algorithm (Biosense Webster). Average surface match and maximum distance of the pre-acquired and electroanatomical maps, as well as left atrial volume, were recorded with and without respiratory gating after merging. RESULTS: The average surface match of the electroanatomical map with the left atrial reconstruction was significantly better with respiratory gating than without using the algorithm (3.81 ± 1.09 vs 4.11 ± 1.61 mm, p = 0.0119). It was not dependent of the rhythm during mapping or the image modality used for left atrial reconstruction. The maximal distance between the two maps did not depend on the use of the algorithm (19.81 ± 6.24 mm for gated and 20.87 ± 7.99 mm for non-gated, p = 0.3161). Left atrial volume of the map was significantly lower when using the respiratory compensation module (106.3 ± 31.6 vs 127.0 ± 36.4 ml, p < 0.0001) and showed a significant correlation with the pre-recorded 3D reconstruction volumes (r = 0.66, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of the novel respiratory gating algorithm might improve the accuracy of electroanatomical mapping during left atrial ablation under conscious sedation. The possible impact on the effectiveness of the ablation needs to be further evaluated.